The Meidum Pyramid is one of Egypt’s most fascinating monuments, representing the transition from the Step Pyramid tradition to the smooth-sided pyramids that would later culminate at Giza. Originally designed as a seven-step pyramid, an eighth step was added during construction before the structure was transformed into what is considered the first true pyramid by filling in the steps and covering them with fine limestone casing.

Built during the reign of King Snefru around 2575 BC, Meidum was one of three major pyramids commissioned by the king. At the time, the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara was the only completed large royal pyramid in Egypt, and Snefru sought to perfect pyramid construction through a series of ambitious projects.

Today, the pyramid appears as a towering central core surrounded by a large mound of rubble. Much of the outer casing and fill collapsed over time, leaving the distinctive appearance that has earned it the nickname “the collapsed pyramid.” Historical records indicate that by the 15th century only five steps remained visible, while Napoleon’s expedition documented only three surviving levels.

The pyramid reaches approximately 65 meters (213 feet) in height and contains several architectural innovations. Most notably, its burial chamber was the first known chamber to be built within the body of a pyramid rather than beneath it. No sarcophagus was discovered inside, and there is no evidence that Snefru was ultimately buried here.

The surrounding complex includes a mortuary temple, the first known example to be built on the eastern side of a pyramid rather than the northern side. The complex was enclosed by a wall, traces of which still survive today. A limestone-paved causeway connected the pyramid to its associated structures, while nearby mastaba tombs served as burial places for members of Snefru’s family, including several of his sons.

Many Egyptologists believe that structural problems encountered at Meidum may have influenced Snefru’s later decision to alter the design of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur during construction, leading to further experimentation that eventually produced the Red Pyramid—the first successful true pyramid.